Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
A number of antibiotics exert their antimicrobial effects by targeting
bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Most of these
agents exhibit bacteriostatic activity.

Diuretics are drugs that increase the rate of urine outflow that result in removal of
sodium & H2o from the body which finally reduce the blood pressure.
They can be used as a monotherapy however they are widely combined with
other hypotensive drugs to enhance their effects by promote urinary outflow and reduce
plasma and extracellular fluid volumes.

Hypertension:
Common chronic disorder in which there is sustained elevation of arterial blood pressure
above normal value. SBP of > 140 mm Hg or a sustained DBP of > 90 mm Hg. or both. on
more than one occasion.
* Blood pressure = Cardiac output (COP) X Total Vascular Resistance (TPR)
* Cardiac output (COP) = Heart Rate (HR) X Strok Volume(SV)

Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
Antimicrobials are chemical substances that used for treatment of infectious
disease caused by invading microbes; thus, they were classified according
to the type of microorganism on which they act into: Antibacterial,
Antifungal, Antimycobacterial, Antiprotozoal drugs, Anthelmintics and
Antiviral.

( Adrenergic agonist drugs)
Effects mediated by adrenergic receptor subtypes:
• ɑ1 -receptors: They are excitatory receptors present in smooth muscles
cause contraction of smooth muscles.

Cholinergic Antagonists OR Cholinergic-Blocking Drugs
These are drugs which can block or inhibit the actions of acetylcholine in the
parasympathetic nervous system leaving the sympathetic innervation unopposed.
Classifications: Anticholinergic were classified into
1-Antimuscarinic ;

Drtugs affecting the Autonomic Nervous System(ANS)
Nervous system composed of two main divisions
1- Central nervous system (CNS) which consist from the brain and the spinal cord

pregnant females usually use one or more medications during pregnancy,
some of these drugs are used to treat pregnancy-related conditions, such as
nausea, constipation, and vomiting. While other are used to treat chronic
disorders, such as hypertension, diabetes, and epilepsy. Others are used for
the management of invasive conditions such as infectious diseases. In this

Drug interactions:
Alteration of the pharmacological activity of one drug “ Object” by the
concomitant use of another drug “Precipitant” or the use of other

Concern with the mechanism of drug action and the biochemical and
physiologic effects of drugs on the body (the response to drug),