The Neoplastic disorders include:
Leukemias
Lymphomas
Multiple Myeloma
Leukemias
◆ Leukemias are malignant tumors of the haemopoitic stem cells
characterized by diffuse replacement of bone marrow by neoplastic cells
The function of RBC, facilitated by hemoglobin molecule,
is to transport oxygen to the tissue.
Oxygen is poorly soluble in plasma, So about 95%-98% is
carried bound to hemoglobin.
Disorders of Red Blood Cells
The Hb molecule is composed of
two pairs of structurally different α and
Loss of normal immune response due to deficiency in either general
or special defense mechanisms is called immunodeficiency.
Deficiency of general defense mechanisms like defect in inflammation,
deficiency In Phagocytosis system, abnormality in the integrity of natural
Hypersensitivity and Autoimmune disorders
Hypersensitivity
It means tissue damage due to reaction between immune system and
endogenous or exogenous antigen.
Types of Hypersensitivity
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
= Anaphylaxis
Tumor (Neoplasia)
Uncontrolled cell division.
Abnormal mass of tissue growth which exceed and in-coordination with that
of the normal tissue and persists even when the stimulus is removed.
Chronic Inflammation
Prolonged tissue injury causes persistent or chronic inflammation.
Chronic Inflammation may develop:
1. Progressive acute inflammation.
2. Primary chronic inflammation.
Primary chronic inflammation produced by agent
Dust like carbon, silica, asbestosis
Genes and Genetic Diseases
Gene: Is a fundamental unit of information storage.
Genes control inheritance and function of all the cells in the body e.g.
Genes control the type and quantity of hormone.
Chloramphenicol is a lipophlic drug , orally absorbed and can be given by parenteral
routes . It is widely distributed throughout the body and penetrate to CSF. It is conjugated
in liver to inactive glucuronide, about 10% of the total dose administered, and its inactive
products are eliminated in the urine. Dose reductions are necessary in patients with liver