A human physiology lab is a place for studying how the 
human body functions through experiments and research, focusing 
on organs, tissues, and systems like respiratory, cardiovascular, 
muscular, and nervous. It uses tools like 
- ECGs, 
- Spirometers, 
- Blood pressure monitors 
To measure physiological parameters, aiding in understanding 
homeostasis and body responses to stimulus.
Routine physiology testing is including complete blood count 
(CBC), blood differential, blood smear, PCV, ESR, Urinalysis, 

Class II restoration involves the proximal (mesial or distal) surfaces of premolars and molars. It termed MO; mesioocclusal, DO; disto-occlusal, or MOD; mesio-occluso-distally cavity. Outline of proximal preparations is controlled by the following factors: 1.Caries susceptibility of the patient 2.Age of the patient. 3.Position of gingiva 4.Extent of the caries on the proximal side 5.Dimensions of the contact area 6.Masticatory forces 7.Esthetic requirement of the patient................

Criteria for special tray construction 

Second Stage 

5. lecture 

Tooth cavity preparations for amalgam and composites have some differences. These differences varies from preparing good undercut to provide good retention for the amalgam filling to roughening the cavity walls to enhance composite filling’s adhesion to the dentine. All of these differences are listed in the following table......................

• Sterilization: Sterilization involves any process, physical or chemical that will destroy all forms of life, including bacterial, fungi, spores and viruses. • Disinfection: It is the process of using an agent that destroys germs or other harmful microbes or inactivates them. • Antisepsis: It is the destruction of pathogenic micro-organisms existing on the living tissue. Center for disease control and prevention (CDC) classified the instrument into critical, semicritical and noncritical depending on the potential risk of infection during the use of these instruments.

Staining is an Important process in microbiology.To study all structure and shape of microorganisms one must know and able to see the microorganism, and for that, it has to be colored by utilizing simple, monochrome, negative, differential staining and other stai