This lecture focuses on antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, one of the most effective and widely used mechanisms for combating bacterial infections. Students will learn about the structure and importance of the bacterial cell wall, and how disrupting its synthesis leads to bacterial lysis and death.

This lecture introduces the fundamental concepts of antibiotics, focusing on their history, classification, mechanisms of action, and principles of appropriate use. Students will gain an understanding of how antibiotics inhibit or kill bacteria, the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic drugs, and how spectrum of activity (broad vs narrow) guides clinical selection.

This lecture provides an in-depth overview of adrenergic drugs, which affect the sympathetic nervous system by interacting with adrenergic receptors. Students will learn how norepinephrine, epinephrine, and related drugs influence target organs by binding to alpha (α1, α2) and beta (β1, β2, β3) adrenergic receptors.

This lecture focuses on the cholinergic division of the autonomic nervous system, highlighting the role of acetylcholine (ACh) as a neurotransmitter in both the parasympathetic nervous system and certain parts of the sympathetic and somatic systems.

This lecture provides a comprehensive introduction to the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), which plays a crucial role in regulating involuntary physiological functions such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, and pupil size.

This lecture explores the fundamental concept of the drug–receptor complex, which forms the basis of how most drugs exert their therapeutic effects. Students will learn how drugs interact with specific biological targets—receptors—to initiate a biological response.