Echinococcus causes hydatid disease in man.  There are four species of Echinococcus known to infect humans: E. granulosus: Causes cystic hydatid disease  E. multilocularis: Causes alveolar hydatid disease  E. vogeli and E. oligarthrus: Cause polycystic hydatid disease. 

Taenia species cause two types of manifestations in humans—intestinal taeniasis and cysticercosis z Two important members are:  h  T. saginata (also called as beef tapeworm)  causes intestinal taeniasis in man  h  T. solium (also called as pork tape worm) causes both intestinal taeniasis  and cysticercosis in man. :habitat The adult worms of T. saginata and T. solium  reside in the small intestine (jejunum and  ileum) of humans,  where as the larva of T. solium (cysticercus cellulosae) reside and  form cystic lesions in the muscle, brain and  eyes.

4. BLOOD FLUKES  Characteristics  – Dioecious  – Males are shorter and stouter than females  – Lateral margins of males are folded ventrally to form a gynecophoral canal in which females are received  – Suckers are armed with delicate spines  – There is no muscular pharynx  – Eggs are non-operculated  – Eggs are fully embryonated when laid  – Embryonated eggs have a ciliated embryo called miracidium  – Cercariae have bifid tails  – There is no encysted metacerciarial stage  – Infective Stage: cercaria penetrating the unbroken skin

4.

GENERAL CHARATRISTICS  Helminths are elongated flat or round worm like parasites measuring few milimeters to meters.  They are eukaryotic multicellular and bilaterally symmetrical   

 Phylum Platyhelminths (flat worms)— it includes three classes: Class: Cestoidea (tapeworms)  Class: Trematodea (flukes or digeneans)  Class: Monogenea (ectoparasite of fishes, don’t infect man)    

2.Phylum: Nemathelminths.  The classification of all the medically important helminths according to their habitat in man .  

 FLATWORM PHYLUM : PLATYHELMINTHES GROUP 2. • Phylum Platyhelminthes includes the flatworms. Platy means “flat,” like a plate; helminth “worm”. 3. Characteristics feature • Invertebrate organism • Flatworm have soft and unsegmented body • No body cavity (no specialized respiratory and circulatory system) also called acoelomate • Other species have digestive system (incomplete or absent) • Most flatworm have gastro-vascular cavity.