insert and delete rows and columns:

>> A 
A =

= [1 2 3 ; 4 5 6 ; 7 8 9]

1 2 3 
4 5 6 
7 8 9

>> A(2,2)

an

s

= 5

>> A(3,3)

an

s

= 9 

Lecture2: 
A first steps: 
To get matlab to work out 1 + 1, type the following at the prompt: 
1+1 
matlab responds with 
ans = 2 
The answer to the typed command is given the name ans. In fact ans is 
now a variable that you can use again. For example you can type 
ans*ans 
to check that 2 × 2=4: 
ans*ans 
ans = 4 
Matlab has updated the value of ans to be 4. 
The spacing of operators in formulas does not matter. The following 
formulas both give the same answer: 
1+3 * 2-1 / 2*4 1+3*2-1/2*4 

1- Introduction:

MEMORY: 
It is a storage device. It stores program instructions, data and the results. 
There are two kind of memories; 
semiconductor memories & magnetic memories. (1): Semiconductor 
memories are faster, smaller, and lighter and consume less power. 
Semiconductor memories are used as the main memory of a computer. (2): 
Magnetic memories are slow but they are cheaper than semiconductor 
memories. Magnetic memories are used as the secondary memories of a 
computer for bulk storage of data and information’s. 

The Bussed Architecture for Microprocessor: 
The first question is what is a ‘Bus’? Bus is a group of parallel lines that 
connect two or more devices as shown in fig.2. It carries information in bits. 
Whenever processor (CPU) needs to access any memory or I/O device of 
the microcomputer system.

Central Processing Unit: 
The CPU consists of ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit), register unit and control 
unit. The CPU fetches the stored instructions from the program memory, data 
word from data memory or from an input device and after processing the data 
stores the result in data memory or sends it to an output device. 
a) ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) 
This unit performs computing functions these functions are arithmetic operations 
such as addition, subtraction and logical operation such as AND, OR, XOR, 

Lecture-1 
An Overview of Microprocessor: 
Microprocessor is a controlling unit of a microcomputer, fabricated on a small chip 
that contains millions of transistors connected by wires capable of performing 
Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) operations and communicating with the other 
devices connected to it, a multipurpose, clock driven, register based, digital 
integrated circuit which accepted binary data as input, processes it according to 
instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output as shown in fig 1.

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