Traffic Engineering: is a branch of transportation engineering that deals with planning, geometric design, and traffic operation of roads, streets, and highways, their networks, terminals, and relationships with other modes of transportation.
نظرية التكاليف المتغيرة(الحدية) ،مميزات النظرية ، الشكل العام للنظرية
مثال عملي على طريقة التكاليف الاجمالية
يتضمن الملف اعلاه الطريقة الاولى من نظريات وقوائم التكاليف والتي تسمى النظرية الاجمالية .
Highway Functional Classification It is the process by which streets and highways are grouped into classes or systems according to the character of services they are intended to provide, i.e. the type of travel associated with the road. The classification of highways is important for: - Design purposes to enable the road designer to relate the structure and design standards to different roads under different classes. - Planning purposes to provide a basic long-term plan where different properties could be assigned to different classes - Administration needs.
DIRECT METHOD USING A TAPE In this method, steel tapes or wires are used to measure distance very accurately. Nowadays, EDM is being used exclusively for accurate measurements but the steel tape still is of value for measuring limited lengths for setting out purposes.