تتضمن هذه المحاضرة توضيحا لسوق تبادل العملات هيكلها وانواعها

تتضمن هذه المحاضرة التعريف بسوق رأس المال وانواع الاوراق المالية وكيفية اصدار الاسهم والسندات

تتضمن هذه المحاضرة شرحا وتوضيحا عن الاسواق المالية وانواعها حيث تبدأ بالنوع الاول من انواع الاسواق وهو سوق النقد

تتضمن المحاضرة شرحا عن الاخطار التي تواجه العلمليات المالية والمصرفية وانواعها وكيفية مواجهتها 

A Zener diode allows current in the forward direction like a regular diode

but also conducts in reverse when the voltage exceeds a specific Zener breakdown voltage (Zener voltage).

Common Zener diodes: 500mW BZX55 and 1.3W BZX85, like BZX55C7V5 (7.5V).

Zener diodes can be series-connected with silicon diodes for various reference voltages.

• Rectified voltage from rectifier has high ripple content.

Desired output is a pure, ripple-free DC waveform.

Filters are used to remove ripples.

Types of filters: capacitor filter, LC filter, choke input filter, ㅠ type filter.

A regulated power supply converts AC to a stable DC output, ensuring consistency despite input fluctuations. Also called a linear power supply, it consists of various circuit blocks to maintain a constant DC output from an AC input.
 

The Uni-junction Transistor (UJT) is a solid-state, three-terminal device.UJT is constructed using P-type and N-type semiconductor materials. It has a single PN-junction formed within the main N-type channel. 

The transistor consists of three layers: NPN or PNP. The collector current (Ic) is dependent on the base current (IB). A change in base current IB results in an amplified change in collector current Ic. The ratio of these currents ranges from 15 to 100 and called beta ẞ.