Mohammed Hashim Mohammed

The melting point (m.p)℃ of a compound is the temperature at which it changes from a solid to a liquid. Since this requires that the intermolecular forces that hold the solid together have to be overcome . The melting point is a physical property (melting point, boiling point, density, solubility ,etc.) often used to identify compounds . Usually, chemists can only obtain a melting range of a 2 - 3℃ accuracy. A pure, non-ionic, crystalline organic compound usually has a sharp and characteristic melting point (usually 0.5-1.0 ℃ range).

The titration of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) against oxalic acid (C2H2O4) is an example of redox titration. In close proximity to the endpoint, the action of the indicator is analogous to the other types of visual colour titrations in oxidation-reduction (redox) titrations.

Device measuring pH The meter is limited to measuring the electric potential difference, but it displays the measurements as units of pH rather than volts.

Determination of acetic acid concentration in commercially available white vinegar is one of the simplest and easiest titrations. It is also possible to determine concentration of acetic acid in other types of vinegar. The only problem is that the color of the vinegar can make it difficult to spot the end point. However, in most cases even vinegars made of red wine - after being diluted for titration - are pale enough so that the phenolphthalein color at the end point can be easily spotted.

Standard solution : is the solution of accurately known concentration, such as 0.1M Na2CO3, and to 0.1 N or 0.1 M NaCl solutions.

The purpose of this experiment is Know Preparation of Standard Solutions from Solid Materials and Liquid Materials different concentrations.

Analytical chemistry laboratory manual for the student of chemical engineering department include the most important types of chemical glassware with their nomenclature, Chemical Safety in the Laboratory Conduct and describes the experimental procedures with a brief theoretical background and chemical equations.