X – Ray Films Radiograph: Is the image of an object made with use of X- ray
instead of light. Dental x- ray film: Is a recording media on which image of the object was made
by exposing this film to X- ray. Types of X- ray film
a- Intra oral X- ray film. b- Extra oral
Radiology is the science of diagnosing, treating, and conducting research with high-energy radiation. Dental radiography is a procedure of producing images of an object using x-radiation.Radiology is the science of diagnosing, treating, and conducting research with high-energy radiation. Dental radiography is a procedure of producing images of an object using x-radiation.
Data Encapsulation In TCP/IP
• Outgoing data is packaged and identified for delivery to the layer underneath
• PDU – Packet Data Unit – the “envelop” information attached to a packet at a particular
TCP/IP protocol e.g. header and trailer
• Header (Identifies the protocol in use, the sender and intended recipient)
• Trailer (or packet trailer) (Provides data integrity checks for the payload)
Data Formats
Encapsulation (TCP/IP)
Encapsulation example: E-mail
TCP/IP protocol stack
TCP/IP Reference Model
What is a socket?
Network Architecture
A set of layers and protocols is called the network architecture.
Protocol Hierarchies
• Networks are organized as layers to reduce design complexity.
• Each layer offers services to the higher layers. Between adjacent layers is an interface.