Class V Tooth Cavity Preparations for Amalgam Restoration Class V lesion is present on the gingival third of facial and lingual surfaces of all teeth. Amalgam is not indicated for anterior teeth except when esthetics is of no concern, for example in very aged patients. Causes of Cl. V cavitation: 1. Dental caries. 2. Erosion: tooth loss caused by non-bacterial acids (Fig. 1). 3. Abrasion: tooth loss at gingival third due to mechanical action...............

It is a restoration in the proximal surface of the anterior teeth without involving incisal edge. Since amalgam is not esthetic restoration, it is not indicated for proximal surface of incisors and mesial surface of canines. It is indicated in the distal surface of maxillary and mandibular canines especially, if: 1. Caries do not undermine distal slopes of canines. 2. Labial axial angle is intact. 3. Even after removal of caries, sufficient tooth structure is present. 4. Restoration will not be directly loaded with occlusal forces.........

Titration (also known as titrimetry and volumetric analysis) is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis   t

X – Ray Films Radiograph: Is the image of an object made with use of X- ray
instead of light. Dental x- ray film: Is a recording media on which image of the object was made
by exposing this film to X- ray. Types of X- ray film
a- Intra oral X- ray film. b- Extra oral 

The maintenance of a relatively constant volume and a stable composition of the body fluids is essential for homeostasis. Some of the most common and important problems in clinical medicine arise because of abnormalities in the control systems that maintain this constancy of the body fluids.