Chapter 5 : Digital Signals & Transmission Impairment 
 

Introduction  Blood transfusion complications are disorders whose symptoms appear during the transfusion of blood units or some blood components to the patient Or within 24 hours of a blood transfusion  Ablood transfusion is a very safe procedure but complications can occur and The patient should recognize it in case it happens.  Sometimes the patient may have an allergic reaction to the blood transfused to him, and this may happen even when he is given the correct blood group. These allergic reactions range from mild to serious.

Chronic bronchitis is defined as a chronic productive cough lasting at least three months in two consecutive years.

The reticular endothelial system is immune complex from blood and tissues, it mainly comprises of phagocytic cells whose engulf microbes, participate in inflammation,antigen presenting and cytokine secretions. T

Chapter 4: Data and Analog Signals

One of the major functions of the physical layer is to move data in the form of electromagnetic signals across a transmission medium. Generally, the data usable to a person or application is not in a form that can be transmitted over a network. For example, a photograph must first be changed to a form that transmission media can accept. Transmission media work by conducting energy along a physical path. 
 

Lecture Description: This lecture delves into the essential concepts of signals, encoding, and transmission media within the Physical Layer of networking. We begin by exploring signals and their forms—analog and digital—and how they represent data for transmission. Participants will understand the critical characteristics of these signals, such as amplitude, frequency, and phase, which are fundamental to signal manipulation.