Arterial Blood Gases (ABG) test:
An arterial blood gases (ABG) test measures the acidity (pH) and the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood from an artery. This test is used to find out how well your lungs are able to move oxygen into the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. As blood passes through your lungs, oxygen moves into the blood while carbon dioxide moves out of the blood into the lungs. An ABG test uses blood drawn from an artery, where the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels can be measured before they enter body
tissues.

Dental professionals must have a clear understanding of the histology of the basic tissue types before studying the distinct tissue types present in the oral cavity and associated regions of the face and neck.

تشير القيادة الإدارية إلى القدرة على التأثير على الأفراد أو الفرق وتوجيههم وإلهامهم نحو تحقيق الأهداف التنظيمية. تتضمن القيادة الفعالة تحديد رؤية واضحة واتخاذ قرارات استراتيجية وتحفيز الموظفين على الأداء بأفضل ما لديهم. لا يقدم القائد التوجيه فحسب، بل يعزز أيضًا ثقافة تنظيمية إيجابية من خلال تشجيع التعاون والابتكار والتواصل المفتوح.

The smallest living unit of organization in the body is the cell, because each cell is capable of performing any necessary functions without the aid of other cells

Two Models for Enzyme/Substrate Interactions:
Active site:
1) During the enzyme action, there is a temporary combination between the enzyme and its substrate forming enzyme-substrate complex. This occurs at active site of enzyme.
2) This is followed by dissociation of this complex into enzyme again and products.

                                             Cellular mechanisms of regulation of acid-base

cellular mechanisms of maintaining constancy of hydrogen ions concentration in extra-cellular fluid:

The body contains a large variety of ions, or electrolytes, which perform a variety of functions. Some ions assist in the transmission of electrical impulses along cell membranes in neurons and muscles. Other ions help to stabilize protein structures in enzymes. Still others aid in releasing hormones from endocrine glands.

يتضمن هذا الملف الجوانب النظرية الاولية لمحاسبة التكاليف 1 ، مثل :- تعريف واهداف ووظائف محاسبة التكاليف ، علاقة محاسبة التكاليف بالعلوم الاخرى وبالمحاسبة المالية ، طرق تبويب عناصر التكاليف ، الخطوات اللازمة لوظع نظام محاسبي كلفوي .