Von Neumann Architecture

Data Encapsulation In TCP/IP
• Outgoing data is packaged and identified for delivery to the layer underneath
• PDU – Packet Data Unit – the “envelop” information attached to a packet at a particular
TCP/IP protocol e.g. header and trailer
• Header (Identifies the protocol in use, the sender and intended recipient)
• Trailer (or packet trailer) (Provides data integrity checks for the payload)
Data Formats
Encapsulation (TCP/IP)
Encapsulation example: E-mail
TCP/IP protocol stack
TCP/IP Reference Model
What is a socket?

Network Architecture
A set of layers and protocols is called the network architecture.
Protocol Hierarchies
• Networks are organized as layers to reduce design complexity.
• Each layer offers services to the higher layers. Between adjacent layers is an interface.

المدخل لدراسة القانون الإداري

 Organs of the digestive system are divided into 2 main group : the
gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and accessory structures .
 GI tract is a continuous tube extending through the ventral cavity from the
mouth to the anus – it consists of the mouth , oral cavity , oropharynx , esophagus
, stomach , small intestine , large intestine , rectum , and anus .
 Accessory structures include the teeth, tongue (in oral cavity) , salivary glands ,
liver , gallbladder , and pancreas .

Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, accounting for an
estimated 9.6 million deaths, or one in six deaths, in 2018. Lung, prostate,
colorectal, stomach and liver cancer are the most common types of cancer in
men, while breast, colorectal, lung, cervical and thyroid cancer are the most
common among women.
The cancer burden continues to grow globally, exerting tremendous
physical, emotional and financial strain on individuals, families, communities and
health systems. Many health systems in low- and middle-income countries are least

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