Proper collection and transport are essential for preserving fungal specimens. This ensures their integrity for subsequent analysis and identification

Von Neumann Architecture

Data Encapsulation In TCP/IP
• Outgoing data is packaged and identified for delivery to the layer underneath
• PDU – Packet Data Unit – the “envelop” information attached to a packet at a particular
TCP/IP protocol e.g. header and trailer
• Header (Identifies the protocol in use, the sender and intended recipient)
• Trailer (or packet trailer) (Provides data integrity checks for the payload)
Data Formats
Encapsulation (TCP/IP)
Encapsulation example: E-mail
TCP/IP protocol stack
TCP/IP Reference Model
What is a socket?

Network Architecture
A set of layers and protocols is called the network architecture.
Protocol Hierarchies
• Networks are organized as layers to reduce design complexity.
• Each layer offers services to the higher layers. Between adjacent layers is an interface.

المدخل لدراسة القانون الإداري

 Organs of the digestive system are divided into 2 main group : the
gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) and accessory structures .
 GI tract is a continuous tube extending through the ventral cavity from the
mouth to the anus – it consists of the mouth , oral cavity , oropharynx , esophagus
, stomach , small intestine , large intestine , rectum , and anus .
 Accessory structures include the teeth, tongue (in oral cavity) , salivary glands ,
liver , gallbladder , and pancreas .