Lecturer
4. BLOOD FLUKES Characteristics – Dioecious – Males are shorter and stouter than females – Lateral margins of males are folded ventrally to form a gynecophoral canal in which females are received – Suckers are armed with delicate spines – There is no muscular pharynx – Eggs are non-operculated – Eggs are fully embryonated when laid – Embryonated eggs have a ciliated embryo called miracidium – Cercariae have bifid tails – There is no encysted metacerciarial stage – Infective Stage: cercaria penetrating the unbroken skin 
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